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ISSN : 1225-0171(Print)
ISSN : 2287-545X(Online)
Korean Journal of Applied Entomology Vol.65 No.1 pp.59-64
DOI : https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2026.01.1.069

Two New Records of Subgenus Syntomaspis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae: Torymus) from South Korea, with a Checklist of Korean Species

Duk-Young Park1, Seunghwan Lee1,2*
1Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
2Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
*Corresponding author:seung@snu.ac.kr
December 2, 2025 January 14, 2026 January 20, 2026

Abstract


Two species of Torymus (Syntomaspis) are newly recognized in South Korea: T. (S.) affinis (Fonscolombe, 1832) and T. (S.) ringofushi Kamijo, 1979. They emerged from cynipid galls of Biorhiza nawai (Ashmead, 1904) and Andricus sp. on Quercus spp., respectively. In this study, the diagnoses and images of diagnostic characters of two Syntomaspis species are provided along with a key to the Korean species of the subgenus. In addition, a checklist of Korean species in the subgenus is given.


Torymus , Parasitoid , Cynipidae , gall , Quercus

한국산 긴꼬리좀벌아속(신칭) (벌목: 꼬리좀벌과: 꼬리좀벌속)의 미기록 2종 및 종 목록 보고

박덕영1, 이승환1,2*
1서울대학교 농생명공학부 곤충계통분류학 실험실
2서울대학교 농업생명과학연구원

초록


본 연구에서는 한국에서 처음으로 기록되는 긴꼬리좀벌아속(신칭)의 2종, 사과혹긴꼬리좀벌(신칭)과 꽃봉오리혹긴꼬리좀벌(신칭)을 보고 한다. 이들 종은 각각 참나무속에 형성된 사과나무혹벌과 Andricus sp.의 충영에서 우화하였다. 본 논문에서는 한국산 긴꼬리좀벌아속의 2종에 대 한 진단 형질과 주요 형질의 사진을 제시하고, 아울러 한국산 종을 구분하기 위한 검색표와 종 목록을 제공한다.


꼬리좀벌속 , 기생성 , 혹벌과 , 충영 , 참나무속

    Torymus Dalman is the largest group in Torymidae, and consists of more than 400 species worldwide (UCD Community, 2025). A total of 23 species have been recorded from East Asia, including 15 species from Japan, four from China, and three from Korea.

    Zerova and Seryogina (2003) divided the genus Torymus into four subgenera (Lioterphus Thomson, Paratorymus Zerova & Seryogina, Syntomaspis Förster, and Torymus D alman) based on the Palearctic species. The subgenus Syntomaspis can be distinguished from other subgenera by having a convex mesosoma and a frenal line on the scutellum, and it is mainly known to be a parasitoid of other Hymenoptera such as Cynipidae, Eurytomidae, and Megastigmidae (Zerova and Seryogina, 2003).

    In South Korea, two species, T. (S.) sinensis Kamijo and T. (S.) koreanus Kamijo, have been recorded as natural enemies of Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951) (Kamijo, 1982). This study reports two newly recorded species reared from cynipid galls in Korea: T. (S.) affinis (Fonscolombe) and T. (S.) ringofushi Kamijo, which were reared from galls of Biorhiza nawai and Andricus sp., respectively.

    Materials and Methods

    Galls of Biorhiza nawai (Ashmead, 1904) and Andricus sp. were collected on Quercus spp. in the field and transferred to the laboratory, where they were kept at room temperature. Adults that emerged from each gall were preserved in ethanol, and some specimens were prepared as dried, pinned material for photography and identification. Most specimens are deposited at the Laboratory of Insect Biosystematics, Seoul National University (SNU), and one specimen is deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR). Most morphological terms follow Grissell (1995). Identification of hosts was based on Buffington et al. (2020) and Pujade-Villar et al. (2020).

    Specimens were examined with an Olympus SZ61 stereomicroscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and photographed with a DMC 5400 digital camera (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) attached to a Leica Z16 APO motorized macroscope (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). Serial images were combined using Zerene Stacker (Zerene Systems LLC, Richland, WA, USA) and digitally retouched using Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).

    Acronyms and abbreviations used in this paper are as follows: MNHUK, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; EIHU, Entomological Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Japan; IZAS, Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China; NHRM, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden; GB, Gyeongsangbuk-do; JB, Jeollabuk-do; POL, the distance between posterior ocelli; LOL, distance between anterior and posterior ocellus; OOL, minimal distance between posterior ocellus and inner orbit; OD, maximum diameter of posterior ocellus; M.T., Malaise Trap.

    Systematic Accounts

    Key to the Korean species of the subgenus Syntomaspis

    • 1. Ovipositor sheath at most as long as body length ········ 2

    • - Ovipositor sheath distinctly longer than body length ···· 3

    • 2. First funicular segment shorter than pedicel; scutellum (Fig. 3B) with several setae on frenum anterolaterally; propodeum (Fig. 3B) with longitudinal rugose sculpture ····························································· T. (S.) koreanus

    • - First funicular segment longer than pedicel; scutellum (Fig. 3D) with at most one or two setae only along the frenal line; propodeum (Fig. 3D) with symmetrically paired carinae extending from anterior to posterior margin ······························································· T. (S.) sinensis

    • 3. Body (Fig. 1A–B) entirely metallic green with bluish luster; propodeum (Fig. 1G) without longitudinal carinae; ovipositor sheath approximately twice as long as body length ······················································· T. (S.) affinis

    • - Body (Fig. 2A–B) entirely metallic blue with greenish luster; propodeum (Fig. 2G) with longitudinal carinae extending from anterior to posterior margin; ovipositor sheath approximately 1.2× as long as body length ········· ····························································· T. (S.) ringofushi

    Superfamily Chalcidoidea Latreille, 1817 좀벌상과

    Family Torymidae Walker, 1833 꼬리좀벌과

    Genus Torymus Dalman, 1820 꼬리좀벌속

    Subgenus Syntomaspis Förster, 1856 긴꼬리좀벌아속(신칭)

    Torymus (Syntomaspis) affinis (Fonscolombe, 1832) (Fig. 1A–H) 사과혹긴꼬리좀벌(신칭)

    Callimome apicalis Walker, 1833: 133. Lectotype ♂. Type depository: MNHUK. Type locality: United Kingdom. Synonym with Cynips affinisFonscolombe, 1832 by Boucek & Graham, 1978: 226.

    Callimome fusci-pennis Walker, 1833: 137. Lectotype ♂. Type depository: MNHUK. Type locality: United Kingdom. Synonym with Cynips affinisFonscolombe, 1832 by Boucek & Graham, 1978: 226.

    Callimome littoralis Walker, 1833: 134. Type unknown. Type locality: United Kingdom. Synonym with Callimome apicalis Walker, 1833 by Eady, 1959: 259.

    Callimome tarsalis Walker, 1833: 134. Type unknown. Type locality: United Kingdom. Synonym with Cynips affinisFonscolombe, 1832 by Boucek & Graham, 1978: 226.

    Cynips affinisFonscolombe, 1832: 283. Neotype ♀. Type depository: MNHUK. Type locality: France.

    Torymus admirabilis Förster, 1841: 32. Type lost. Type locality: Germany. Synonym with Cynips affinisFonscolombe, 1832 by Boucek & Graham, 1978: 226.

    Torymus caudatus Nees, 1834: 60. Type lost. Type locality: Germany. Synonym with Callimome apicalis Walker, 1833 by Eady, 1959: 259.

    Torymus crinicaudis Ratzeburg, 1844: 179. Type unknown. Type locality: Germany. Synonym with Cynips affinisFonscolombe, 1832 by Boucek & Graham, 1978: 226.

    Torymus saphirinus Boheman, 1834: 371. Lectotype ♀. Type depository: NHRM. Type locality: Sweden. Synonym with Cynips affinisFonscolombe, 1832 by Boucek & Graham, 1978: 226.

    Diagnosis. Female (Fig. 1A). Body 2.38–2.58 mm excluding ovipositor sheath. Ovipositor sheath 5.12–6.18 mm. Body entirely metallic green with bluish and golden to copper luster. Antennae dark brown with metallic green luster on scape. Legs with coxae and femora metallic green with bluish luster, trochanters, fore tibia and tarsus brownish-yellow, mid and hind tibia dark with metallic greenish luster.

    Head in frontal view 1.3× as wide as height; in dorsal view 2.0× as wide as length; OOL: POL: LOL: OD=1.0–1.3: 2.7– 3.2: 1.1–1.3: 1.0. Head entirely imbricate except somewhat reticulate around ocelli; comparatively short setae on vertex, gradually becoming longer toward lower face; dark setae on vertex, but white on frons and lower face. Mesosoma entirely coriaceous-imbricate and sparsely punctate; frenal line distinct. Propodeum (Fig. 1G) smooth medially, without a longitudinal median carina, and with several short carinae posteriorly. Fore wing 2.40× as long as wide; cc: mv: pm: st = 11.5–12.0: 8.2– 8.4: 2.1–2.3: 1.0. Ovipositor sheath approximately twice as long as body length.

    Male. Body 1.62–1.79 mm. Similar to female in morphology except metasoma shorter than mesosoma.

    Material examined. 3♀1♂, Mt. Unmun, Unmun-myeon, Cheongdo-gun, GB, Korea. 35°39'28.8"N 128°57'37.4"E, gall of Biorhiza nawai collected 25.iii.2016, adults emerged 02.xi.2016, Duk-Young Park (2♀1♂ in SNU and 1♀ in NIBR); 1♀1♂, Unmun-ro 1627-13, Unmun-myeon, Cheongdo-gun, GB, Korea. Sweeping. 35°41'24.0"N 128°57'51.0"E, 25.iv.2017, G.W.Kang (SNU).

    Distribution. Korea (new record), Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Nakhichevan, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

    Primary Hosts. Hymenoptera. Cynipidae: Andricus quercusradicis (Fabricius), Aphelonyx cerricola (Giraud), Biorhiza nawai (Ashmead) (new record), Biorhiza pallida (Olivier) , Cynips divisa Hartig, Cynips longiventris Hartig, Cynips quercusfolii Linnaeus, Neuroterus quercusbaccarum (Linnaeus), Synergus gallaepomiformis (Boyer de Fonscolombe), Trigonaspis megaptera (Panzer).

    Associated Plants. Fagaceae: Quercus cerris Linnaeus, Quercus faginea Lamarck, Quercus lusitanica Lamarck, Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Lieblein, Quercus pubescens Willdenow, Quercus pyrenaica Willdenow, Quercus robur Linnaeus.

    Torymus (Syntomaspis) koreanusKamijo, 1982 (Fig. 3A– B) 밤색긴꼬리좀벌

    Torymus koreanusKamijo, 1982: 508–509. Holotype ♀. Type depository: EIHU. Type locality: South Korea.

    Material examined. 1♀1♂, Yeungnam Univ. Daehak-ro 280, Gyeongsan-si, GB, Korea. Sweeping. 35°49'43.4"N 128°45'44.9"E, 18.iii.2017, Duk-Young Park (SNU); 2♀1♂, ditto, 35°49'43.8"N 128°45'44.6"E, 18.iii.2018, Duk-Young Park (SNU); 1♀, Bangokji, Bangok-ri, Namsan-myeon, Gyeongsan- si, GB, Korea. Sweeping. 35°46'45.3"N 128°48'28.9"E, 12.iii.2017, Duk-Young Park (SNU)

    Distribution. Japan, Korea.

    Primary Hosts. Hymenoptera. Cynipidae: Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu.

    Associated Plants. Fagaceae: Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc.

    Torymus (Syntomaspis) ringofushi Kamijo, 1979 (Fig. 2A –H) 꽃봉오리혹긴꼬리좀벌 (신칭)

    Torymus ringofushiKamijo, 1979: 6–9. Holotype ♀. Type depository: EIHU. Type locality: Japan.

    Diagnosis. Female (Fig. 2A). Body 2.40–2.47 mm excluding ovipositor sheath. Ovipositor sheath 2.88–2.99 mm. Body entirely metallic blue with greenish to golden lusters. Antennae dark brown with metallic luster on scape. Legs with coxae, femora and tibiae metallic blue with green luster, trochanters and tarsus brownish-yellow. Fore wing hyaline with vein brown. Ovipositor sheath dark.

    Head in frontal view 1.2× as wide as height; in dorsal view 1.9× as wide as length; interocular distance 0.45× as long as width; OOL: POL: LOL: OD=1.1–1.3: 2.9–3.1: 1.2–1.3: 1.0. Vertex coriaceous anteriorly to alutaceous posteriorly with fine sculpture around ocelli. Mesosoma entirely coriaceousimbricate and sparsely punctate. Propodeum (Fig. 2G) smooth with distinct longitudinal carina on medial area. Fore wing 2.5× as long as wide; cc: mv: pm: st = 11.1–11.4: 7.2–7.4: 2.1–2.3: 1.0. Ovipositor sheath approximately 1.2× as long as body length.

    Male. Body 1.76–1.83 mm. Similar to female in morphology except metasoma shorter than mesosoma.

    Material examined. 3♀1♂, San 60-2, Sachon-ri, Gayamyeon, Hapcheon-gun, GB, Korea. 35°45'26.8"N 128°06'58.6"E, gall of Andricus sp. collected 25.v.2016, adults emerged 20.vii. 2016, Duk-Young Park (2♀1♂ in SNU and 1♀ in NIBR).

    Distribution. Korea (new record), Japan.

    Primary Hosts. Hymenoptera. Cynipidae: Andricus sp. (new record), Biorhiza nawai (Ashmead).

    Associated Plants. Fagaceae: Quercus mongolica Fischer ex. Ledebour. Quercus serrata Murray.

    Torymus (Syntomaspis) sinensis Kamijo, 1982 (Fig. 3C– D) 중국긴꼬리좀벌

    Torymus sinensisKamijo, 1982: 505–507. Holotype ♀. Type depository: IZAS. Type locality: China.

    Material examined. 1♀, Songseon-jeosuji, Geoncheon-eup, Gyeonju-si, GB, Korea. Sweeping. 35°48'11.2"N 129°04'40.5"E, 29.iv.2017, Duk-Young Park (SNU); 1♀, Yongsan-dong, Jeongeup-si, JB, Korea. M.T. 21.iv.-22.v.2004. M.K.Yun (SNU).

    Distribution. China, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, United States.

    Primary Hosts. Hymenoptera. Cynipidae: Biorhiza pallida (Olivier), Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu.

    Associated Plants. Fagaceae: Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc., Castanea mollissima Blume, Castanea sativa Mill.

    Acknowledgements

    This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR20190 2205), by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. RS-2024- 004067 51), and by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF -RS-2025-00561722).

    Statements for Authorship Position & Contribution

    • Park, D.-Y.: Seoul National University, Ph.D. Student.; Designed the research and wrote the manuscript

    • Lee, S.: Seoul National University, Professor; Revised the manuscript

    All authors read and approved the manuscript.

    Figure

    KJAE-65-1-59_F1.jpg

    Torymus (Syntomaspis) affinis. A. habitus, female, lateral view; B. habitus, male, lateral view; C. head, frontal; D. head, dorsal; E. mesosoma, lateral; F. mesosoma, dorsal; G. propodeum; H. fore wing.

    KJAE-65-1-59_F2.jpg

    Torymus (Syntomaspis) ringofushi. A. habitus, female, lateral view; B. habitus, male, lateral view; C. head, frontal; D. head, dorsal; E. mesosoma, lateral; F. mesosoma, dorsal; G. propodeum; H. fore wing.

    KJAE-65-1-59_F3.jpg

    A–B. Torymus (Syntomaspis) koreanus, female; C–D. Torymus (Syntomaspis) sinensis, female: A, C. habitus, lateral view; B, D. scutellum to propodeum.

    Table

    Reference

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    8. Kamijo, K., 1982. Two new species of Torymus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) reared from Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in China and Korea. Kontyu 50, 505-510.
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    11. Zerova, M.D., Seryogina, L.Y., 2003. Torymid chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) of tribe Torymini of the Ukrainian Fauna. Vestn. Zool. (Supplement) 17, 3-93.

    Vol. 40 No. 4 (2022.12)

    Journal Abbreviation Korean J. Appl. Entomol.
    Frequency Quarterly
    Doi Prefix 10.5656/KSAE
    Year of Launching 1962
    Publisher Korean Society of Applied Entomology
    Indexed/Tracked/Covered By