Adrapsa is a genus of the subfamily Herminiinae, established by Walker in 1859 with the type species A. ablualis Walker, 1859, and comprises approximately 50 species worldwide. Owada (1987) provided several distinctive features of the genus: 1) the presence of scale tufts on the second segment of the labial palpi, and dark brown or blackish wings with whitish lines and markings; 2) broad, spined valva with spur or process on the costal margin and scobinate vesica in the male genitalia; and 3) short apophyses, an ostium surrounded by laminate areas that may form pouches, a short, furrowed ductus bursae, a finely scobinate corpus bursae with a small sclerite forming a signum, and a narrow, uncoiled ductus seminalis in the female genitalia. The species of Adrapsa are further distinguished by their prominent postmedial line and marginal markings of the forewing, which are key features for differentiating the species within this genus.
Members of Adrapsa are primarily distributed across the Oriental tropics and subtropics, with some species extending to Australia, New Caledonia, São Tomé, and Madagascar (Poole, 1989;Holloway, 2008). The species in the genus are known to feed on dead leaves in forest ecosystems (Owada, 1987). To date, two species of Adrapsa have been recorded in Korea: A. ablualis and A. simplex (Butler, 1879). This study reports A. notigera as a newly discovered species in Korea and aims to document this finding.
Material and Methods
Most of the examined materials in this paper were collected using an ultraviolet bucket trap and are now deposited in the Collection of Insects at Mokpo National University (MNU), while some specimens were obtained from the personal collection of Dr. Mun-Ki Paek and are housed at Chungbuk National University (CBNU).
The wingspan was measured as the distance between the outermost edges of each forewing. For genitalia slide preparation, the genitalia were stained with Chlorazol Black or mercurochrome and then slide-mounted in Euparal. “Genital slide number” is abbreviated as “gen. slide no.”. Photographs of the adults were taken using an Olympus OM-D E-M1 and an Olympus M.Zuiko Digital ED 60mm F2.8 MACRO lens (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) or a Tucsen Dhyana 400DC sCMOS camera (Tucsen, Fuzhou, Fujian, China) on a Leica Z16 APO stereo microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany), and genitalia were photographed using a Canon EOS 600D (Canon, Tokyo, Japan) on an Olympus SZX16 stereo microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
To compare the genetic differences with related species, genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). PCR was conducted using a TAKARA PCR Thermal Cycler Dice TP600 (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan) with primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 (Folmer et al., 1994), and SolgTM 2X Uh-Taq PCR Pre-Mix (SolGent, Daejeon, Korea) to amplify the partial COI gene (658 bp) of mitochondrial DNA. The PCR conditions were as follows: initialization at 95°C for 15 minutes; 35 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 20 seconds, annealing at 50°C for 40 seconds, and elongation at 72°C for 45 seconds; final elongation at 72°C for 5 minutes. The COI sequences were identified in NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) and used to calculate genetic differences between the species and their relatives within the genus.
Genetic distance and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were conducted using 19 COI sequences. Sequences for 10 individuals were obtained from the BOLD Systems database (www.barcodinglife.org). The remaining sequences were retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database (https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/), except for four sequences (two each from Adrapsa notigera and A. simplex) generated in this study and subsequently deposited in GenBank. Of the 19 sequences, 17 belong to species of the genus Adrapsa, while two sequences were used as outgroups from the genus HadenniaMoore, 1885. The sequence alignment was performed using the Muscle algorithm (Edgar, 2004) in MEGA 11 (Tamura et al., 2021) with default settings. The genetic distance was estimated using MEGA 11 with the Kimura 2-parameter model (Kimura, 1980). The ML analysis was constructed using IQ-tree 1.6.2 (Nguyen et al., 2015). A model test was initially conducted using ModelFinder implemented in IQ-TREE (Kalyaanamoorthy et al., 2017) to determine the best-fit substitution model for the data. The ML analysis was then performed with 2,000 bootstrap replications to assess the robustness of the inferred tree. The voucher/ specimen ID and GenBank accession numbers/sequence ID for the COI barcodes used in the analysis can be found in Appendix 1.
Taxonomic Accounts
Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758
Family Erebidae Leach, 1815
Subfamily Herminiinae Leach, 1815
Genus Adrapsa Walker, 1859
Type species: Adrapsa ablualis Walker, 1859
= Lusia Walker, 1858 (Type Species: Lusia geometroides Walker, 1858)
= Onevatha Walker, 1859 (Type Species: Onevatha alsusalis Walker, 1859)
= Badiza Walker, 1864 (Type Species: Badiza ereboides Walker, 1864)
= Murgisa Walker, 1864 (Type Species: Murgisa orgyoides Walker, 1864)
= AmilagaSwinhoe, 1901 (Type Species: Lusia geometroides Walker, 1858)
= Apladrapsa Warren, 1913 (Type Species: Adrapsa ochracea Leech, 1900)
Adrapsa notigera (Butler, 1879) 끝흰무늬수염나방 (Figs. 1, 2)
Bithiasa notigeraButler, 1879: 369. Type Locality: Japan, Yokohama.
Adrapsa notigera: Leech, 1900: 614; Owada, 1987: 19, 25.
Material examined. 1♀: Susan-ri, Seongsan-eup, Seoguiposi, Jeju-do, Korea, 11 Jul 2018, 33°26'9.7"N, 126°50'17.5"E, 150 m, coll. M.K. Paek, gen. slide no. KJM0111, GenBank accession no. PQ063980, voucher no. CBNUPM100000; 1♂: Susan-ri, Seongsan-eup, Seoguipo-si, Jeju-do, Korea, 12 Jul 2018, 33°26'16.3"N, 126°52'31.7"E, 74 m, coll. M.K. Paek, gen. slide no. KJM0110, GenBank accession no. PQ063981, voucher no. CBNUPM100001; 6♀: Seongnae-ri, Unnammyeon, Muan-gun, Jellanam-do, Korea, 34°56'11"N, 126°19' 58"E, 70 m, 9 Sep 2021, coll. S.W. Choi, voucher nos. MNUEre- A05-A10; 1♂: Mt. Jiri, Naedae-ri, Sicheon-myeon, Sancheong- gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, 35°15'31.1"N, 127° 44'30.2"E, 697 m, 12 Jul 2024, coll. S.W. Choi, voucher no. MNU-Ere-A11; 2♂: Mt. Jiri, Mukgye-ri, Cheongam-myeon, Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, 35°15'02.2"N, 127° 44'17.5"E, 734 m, 12 Jul 2024, coll. S.W. Choi, voucher nos. MNU-Ere-A12-A13.
Diagnosis. This species is externally similar to A. simplex, but can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) in the forewing of A. notigera (Fig. 1), it has a smaller, crescentshaped discal dot and a large yellowish-white marginal patch at the termen, while in A. simplex, it has a larger, elliptical (or reniform) discal dot and two whitish marginal spots (or sometimes absent) instead of the patch; 2) in the male antenna of A. notigera, it is covered with appressed scales, resulting in no thickened part, while in A. simplex, it has a hair tuft on the scape and pedicel, making them appear thickened, and each segment of the flagellum, belonging to the basal part in a broad sense, has an erect scale tuft (same as in A. ablualis); 3) in the male genitalia (Figs. 2A-C), they have the valva with a fingerlike costal process, and the cucullus with a less sharp costal angulation, while in A. simplex, they have the valva without the costal process, and the cucullus with a sharper costal angulation; and 4) in the female genitalia of A. notigera (Figs. 2D, E), they have the corpus bursae bearing a spinulate section in about the posterior 1/10, while in A. simplex, they have the corpus bursae bearing a spinulate section in about the posterior 3/10 (Owada, 1987;Sohn et al., 2005). This species is also similar to A. ablualis, particularly in having the marginal patch at the termen in the forewing and the costal process of the valva in the male genitalia, but can be distinguished by the following characteristics: 1) in the adult of A. notigera, it has a yellowishwhite antemedial line in the forewing, and a slender, zigzag postmedial line in the fore- and hindwings, while in A. ablualis, it has a blackish antemedial line in the forewing, and a wider, nearly straight postmedial line in the fore- and hindwings (Owada, 2011;Choi et al., 2020: Fig. 1C); 2) in the male genitalia of A. notigera, they have the cucullus with spicules along the distal margin only, while in A. ablualis, they have the cucullus with spicules along all margins (see Choi et al., 2020: Figs. 2C, D); and 3) in the female genitalia of A. notigera, they have the corpus bursae having a cylindrical anterior half and an elliptical posterior half, and having a spinulate section in the posterior 1/10, while in A. ablualis, they have the corpus bursae without a cylindrical anterior part and spinulate section (Yanagida et al., 2021).
Description. Wingspan: 31-35 mm (male); 27-35 mm (female) (Fig. 1).
Head: Antennae of male covered with yellowish-white and dark brown scales on dorsal half, unipectinate, bearing sensilla; antennae of female covered with dark brown scales on dorsal half, ciliate, with sensilla. Vertex and frons covered with ochreous and dark brown scales. Labial palpi covered with ochreous and dark brown scales; second segment nearly equal in length to the third segment; in males, first segment covered with elongated erect scales ventrally, second segment covered with elongated erect scales on dorso-distal end and ventral surfaces; in females, first and second segments covered with elongated erect scales on ventral surfaces.
Thorax: Thorax covered with dark brown scales; patagia with long scales; tegula with long and hair-like scales. Legs covered with ochreous and dark brown scales; yellowish, hair-like pencils on forefemur in males. Forewing ground color dark brown; antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal lines yellowish-white, zigzagged; discal dot small, yellowish-white, crescent-shaped; marginal patch of termen yellowish-white. Hindwing ground color dark brown; postmedial and terminal lines yellowish-white, zigzagged, thicker than lines of forewing; discal dot yellowish-white.
Abdomen: Abdomen covered with dark brown scales; yellowish hairs at the distal end of the abdomen in males.
Male genitalia (Figs. 2A-C): Uncus falcate, with acute apex. Valva rectangular, well sclerotized, with a finger-like process on costa; ventral margin slightly expanded distally; cucullus large with numerous spicules along the distal margin. Saccus short, triangular. Aedeagus cylindrical, straight; a strongly sclerotized carina, with a series of short spicules; vesica basally spherical, with a small hump-like diverticulum medially, and then tubular and digitate distally, with many spicules on its surface.
Female genitalia (Figs. 2D, E): Posterior apophysis four times longer than anterior apophysis. Lamella antevaginalis well sclerotized, granulated, forming a pair of trapezoids. Ostium bursae well sclerotized, with serrated posterior edge. Ductus bursae short, wrinkled, granulated. Ductus seminalis arising from posterior 1/4 of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae elliptical in posterior half, then cylindrical anteriorly, about six times longer than ductus bursae; spinulate section situated in about posterior 1/10 of corpus bursae; signum circular, composed of minute spicules, with a concavity at the center.
Biology.Shao et al. (2024) noted that Adrapsa notigera inhabits low-altitude primary forest zones and is known to occur from April to May in Taiwan, while Owada (1987) and Yanagida et al. (2021) noted that the species occurs twice, from June to August, in central and southern Japan. In Korea, the species is found in low- and middle-altitude mixed deciduous forests from June to September. The larvae are found on dead leaves, although their host plant remains unidentified (Owada, 1987).
Distribution. Korea (new record), Japan, and Taiwan.
DNA barcoding. The COI barcode (658 bp) of Adrapsa notigera (GenBank accession nos. PQ063980, PQ063981) is recorded for the first time in this study. The resulting ML tree (Fig. 3) was constructed using the COI sequences (658 bp) of 17 individuals from the genus Adrapsa (representing 10 species) and two individuals from the genus Hadennia (representing two species) as the outgroup. The overall mean distance within the ingroup genus Adrapsa showed a result of 5.94%, and excluding the species with only one COI sequence (A. ereboides, A. occidens, A. thermesia) and the outgroup, the intraspecific mean distance ranged from 0.04 to 1.88%. Additionally, the mean distance between Adrapsa species showed the highest genetic distance of 8.58% between A. quadrilinealis and A. abnormalis, and the lowest genetic distance of 0.15% between A. thermesia and A. ereboides (Table 1). Excluding the lowest distance of 0.15%, the second lowest distance was 3.29% between A. occidens and A. ablualis, indicating that further research is needed to understand the relationship between A. thermesia and A. ereboides.
The phylogenetic analysis, which included three species recorded in Korea: A. notigera, A. ablualis, and A. simplex, revealed that A. notigera is more closely related to A. ablualis than to A. simplex. The genetic divergence between A. notigera and A. ablualis, measured as the mean interspecific distance, was 5.12%, while the mean distance between A. notigera and A. simplex was 4.86%. Furthermore, as seen in the diagnosis, A. notigera and A. ablualis share the marginal patch of the termen in the forewing and the finger-like costal process of the valva in the male genitalia, further supporting the close phylogenetic affinity between A. notigera and A. ablualis. These findings indicate that A. notigera is more closely allied with A. ablualis than with A. simplex.
Remarks. Three of the authors (Lim, Koo, and Cho) first reported this species at the 2019 Spring International Conference of the Korean Society of Applied Entomology. Later, Kim and Paek (2020) mentioned this species in their book. Due to the absence of this species in the Korean Taxonomic Serial Number and the lack of a detailed description, we are reporting it as a new record.